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FIND22.TXT
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1986-03-13
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MEMORIZATION
RESEARCH FINDING:
Memorizing can help students absorb and retain the factual in-
formation on which understanding and critical thought are based.
COMMENT:
Most children at some time memorize multiplication tables, the
correct spelling of words, historical dates, and passages of
literature such as the poetry of Robert Frost or the sonnets of
Shakespeare. Memorizing simplifies the process of recalling
information and allows its use to become automatic. Under-
standing and critical thought can then build on this base of
knowledge and fact. Indeed, the more sophisticated mental opera-
tions of analysis, synthesis, and evaluation are impossible with-
out rapid and accurate recall of bodies of specific knowledge.
Teachers can encourage students to develop memory skills by
teaching highly structured and carefully sequenced lessons, with
frequent reinforcement for correct answers. Young students, slow
students, and students who lack background knowledge can benefit
from such instruction.
In addition, teachers can teach "mnemonics," that is, devices and
techniques for improving memory. For example, the mnemonic
"Every Good Boy Does Fine" has reminded generations of music
students that E, G, B, D, and F are the notes to which the lines
on a treble staff correspond. Mnemonics helps students remember
more information faster and retain it longer. Comprehension and
retention are even greater when teachers and students connect the
new information being memorized with previous knowledge.
Anderson, L., Evertson, C. M., and Brophy, J. E. (l979). "An
Experimental Study of Effective Teaching in First-grade Reading
Groups." The Elementary School Journal, Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. l93-
223.
Bellezza, F. (l98l). "Mnemonic Devices: Classification, Charac-
teristics, and Criteria." Review of Educational Research, Vol.
51, No. 2, pp. 247-275.
Carlson, R. F., et al. (January l976). "Spontaneous Use of
Mnemonics and Grade Point Average." The Journal of Psychology,
Vol. 92, first half, pp. ll7-l22.
Gregg, L. (Ed.). (l972). Cognition in Learning and Memory. New
York: John Wiley and Sons.
Rosenshine, B. V. (l983). "Teaching Functions in Instructional
Programs." The Elementary School Journal, Vol. 83, No. 4, pp.
335-35l.